Tableau Server on Windows Server 2016 Becomes Unresponsive or Unlicensed

Issue

Tableau Server on Windows Server 2016 displays various issues, including:

Slow or failed scheduled jobs
Tableau Server becomes degraded
Tableau Server becomes unlicensed
Visualisations render more slowly

Additionallly, ClusterController and/or Backgrounder logs may contain the following error:
"Caused by: java.io.IOException: Unable to establish loopback connection"

Environment

Tableau Server
Windows Server 2016
Windows Firewall
Live Connections to Data Sources

Resolution

Set Tableau Server Resource Manager (SRM) to poll less often - every 10 seconds instead of the default 1.
Note: This solution requires restarting Tableau Server.

For Tableau Server 2018.2 and newer versions:

Open a command prompt as an administrator on the node where TSM is installed and enter the following commands:

tsm configuration set -k native_api.check_interval_seconds -v 10 --force-keys tsm pending-changes apply

Cause

Under certain load characteristics (loading workbooks with many live connections for example) a Tableau Server node can have a number of processes posting and listening to Tableau Server Resource Manager (SRM) broadcast messages. Future releases of Tableau Server will have less frequent SRM polling configured by default. This change is being tracked with issue ID 817676.

Defect 817676 has been fixed in the March 2019 Maintenance releases.
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/2019.1.2
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/2018.3.5
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/2018.2.8
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/2018.1.11
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/10.5.14
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/10.4.15
https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/support/releases/server/10.3.19

Additional information

This solution is currently recommended for all Tableau Server installations running on Windows Server 2016.
If you would like to validate whether the issue you are currently experiencing matches this article, check the below.
Check that Windows Firewall service is running:

Click Start, then type “services.msc”
scroll down to “Windows Firewall”
check that status is “Running”

Check for "Unable to establish loopback connection" in the Tableau Server logs.
Check that Windows Event logs do not contain event IDs 4227 or 4231. These event IDs point to ephemeral port exhaustion. If you are experiencing port exhaustion issues, see Tableau Server Port Exhaustion Problems.