Error "undefined binding" Refreshing Workbooks or Extracts in Tableau Cloud

Issue

When refreshing workbooks or extracts in Tableau Cloud, the following error occurs:

undefined binding

Environment

Tableau Cloud
Existing extract including joins

Resolution

Make sure that all columns needed for joining data are available in the underlying data source

Cause

The data necessary to join is unavailable in the data source

Additional Information

Existing extracts based on joins break with this error when one of the fields used to join is not available in the data source.
The issue is most common for extracts based on files (txt, csv, Excel, Google Sheets, ...) because users can inadvertently break the extract by renaming columns or reformatting the file.