Error "This program does not support the version of Windows your computer is running" When Upgrading to Tableau Server 2018.1

Issue

When attempting to upgrade Tableau Server to 2018.1 (and later versions), the installer package displays the following error and aborts the upgrade:

"This program does not support the version of Windows your computer is running"

Environment

Tableau Server 2018.1.x
Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2

Resolution

Work with your IT team and/or Tableau Server Administrator to:

Either upgrade the operating system on the Tableau Server computer to a supported version of Windows Server
Or migrate Tableau Server to a computer running a supported operating system

Cause

As of Tableau Server version 2018.1 and later versions, Tableau Server no longer supports the standard version of Windows Server 2008. For more information, see What's Changed - Things to Know Before You Upgrade.

Additional Information

Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are not the same versions of Windows Server. For Tableau Server 2018.1 and later versions, Windows Server 2008 R2 is still supported.